Water quality testing is extremely important in Perth. This is because residents use a mix of groundwater bores, mains supply, and rainwater tanks, with each source containing distinct potential contaminants. 45% of the drinking water in Perth comes from the desalination of seawater, and another 40% from groundwater.
The sandy geology, extensive infrastructure, and Mediterranean climate of Perth influence the quality of water differently across the sources. So, if you want to learn about the essential water quality tests you should perform, then keep reading.
Water Contaminants Found in Perth
Here are the contaminants in different sources.
- Groundwater: The water is hard due to high mineral content. Decline in water table also leads to acidification, while naturally occurring heavy metals and arsenic are released from the soil.
- Rainwater: Water stored in tanks is vulnerable to microbial contamination from animal waste and pollutants washed down from roofs.
- Mains Supply: The water is treated and monitored as per the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG).
However, the quality of water can still vary depending on chlorine level, sediments, blend of source water, and the ageing infrastructure used.
Physical Parameters: The First Indicators
To access the quality of water in Perth, you should start by observing the physical parameters to get the first clues.
Here are the factors you should look for.
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Colour, Odour, and Taste
These are the basic indicators of water quality. Pure water should be tasteless, colourless, and odourless. Odour or colour can be signs that minerals, industrial pollutants, and decaying organic matter are present. Levels below 15 True Colour Unit (TCU) are acceptable.
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Turbidity
It is a measure of the cloudiness that microorganisms and suspended particles cause. High turbidity indicates potential contamination and can hinder the disinfection process. The turbidity should be within 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) at your tap.
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Temperature
It is a factor that influences the solubility of dissolved oxygen, the rate of chemical reactions, and the metabolism of aquatic organisms. The temperature of water should range between 10°C and 22°C.
Chemical Parameters: What’s in the Water?
Chemical parameters will help you understand the chemical composition and potential contaminants in water. Here are the common chemical parameter tests for water in Perth.
| Parameter | Significance | Typical Range in Perth |
|---|---|---|
| pH levels | Affects scaling and causes corrosion in pipes. | Typically 6.5 to 8.5; meets guidelines. |
| Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) | Leads to a mineral-heavy or earthy flavour, and a measure of salinity. | Typically 200 to 500 mg/L; moderate. It can be higher in some groundwater areas. |
| Hardness (Calcium & Magnesium) | Leads to the build-up of scale in appliances while also reducing the effectiveness of soap. | 75 to 200 mg/L as CaCO₃; Moderately hard to hard. |
| Chlorine & Chloramine | It is a great disinfectant, but it can lead to water tasting like a swimming pool. | 0.4 to 1 mg/L of chlorine is maintained in the distribution system. |
| Nitrate & Nitrite | Potential risks of agricultural runoff but managed to ensure safety. | Monitored and maintained within safe limits. |
| Fluoride | Maintained a safe level for dental health benefits. | Added at 0.7 to 1 mg/L |
Table 1: Key Chemical Parameters and Typical Levels in Perth
Biological Parameters: Checking for Microbial Safety
You must also assess the water quality in Perth based on biological parameters. Pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and protozoa from organic waste can put public health at risk by causing waterborne illnesses. Testing for specific pathogens can be time-consuming and complex. So, your tests must focus on indicator organisms, which are as follows.
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Total Coliforms & E. coli
Total Coliforms serve as general environmental indicators. However, if you find the presence of E. coli, it means that there has been a recent faecal contamination. It also means that there can potentially be more dangerous pathogens.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
This is an opportunistic pathogen that you can find in specific environments, like some water tanks and spas. This pathogen can be particularly risky if you are immunocompromised.
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Legionella
You will find this bacterium growing in warm water systems. It is a concern in places where water is intentionally heated, like in cooling towers, large building plumbing networks, and spas.
Metals and Minerals: Understanding Heavy Metal Contamination
The local geology and older plumbing systems in Perth can introduce metals into drinking water. So, here are the common metals you should test for.
- Lead: Introduced from old pipes or solder joints.
- Iron & Manganese: Introduced from natural geological sources and corroded galvanised steel pipes.
- Copper: Introduced from corroded plumbing.
- Zinc & Nickel: Introduced from roofing materials or industrial runoff.
You should test the bore well and rainwater, as they don’t undergo monitoring or treatment. The local geology of Perth directly influences bore water by naturally introducing heavy metals and minerals. And rainwater systems like tanks and roofing often collect organic matter, industrial runoff, and airborne contaminants.
Neglecting the testing of these water sources can lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in your body. Regular testing is important as these hidden health hazards are often odourless and tasteless.
Environmental & Aesthetic Considerations
In Perth, it is important to perform environmental monitoring near farms, coastal zones, and industrial areas. This will help you detect pollutants and thus protect public health and environmental systems.
With regular testing, you will be able to prevent issues like eutrophication. It is when excessive nutrients like ammonia and phosphates from farms lead to an algal bloom, which harms aquatic life by depleting the oxygen dissolved in water. It is also important to monitor the salinity levels. It will help you protect your sensitive garden, maintain an effective irrigation system, and prevent soil salinisation.
Where and How to Get Water Tested in Perth
Here is how to get your water tested in Perth.
Certified Laboratories
You should contact NATA-accredited laboratories in Perth. They will supply you with specialised sample bottles along with detailed instructions.
How to Sample
If you have complex water testing requirements, then laboratories can arrange professional sampling for you. You can also obtain a self-test kit with sterile bottles and instructions to collect samples and send them to the lab.
Recommended Testing Frequency
Comprehensive testing of domestic rainwater tanks used for drinking should be done at least once annually, as per the recommendations by the Department of Health.
If you are using bore water for livestock or irrigation, then you should perform a full NATA-accredited test at least once a year. In industrial or commercial contexts, you can run from daily or weekly operational checks to regular full-suite testing.
Improving Water Quality: Treatment Options
Here are the treatment options available for different types of contaminants or pollutants in water.
| Findings | Treatment Options |
|---|---|
| Sediment/ Turbidity | Use sediment filtration for removing physical particles. This is the first step in treatment. |
| Chlorine Taste/ Odour | Carbon filtration is used for removing chlorine and associated by-products effectively. This improves visible water quality. |
| Minerals/ Hard Water | Softening units like water conditioners are used for reducing the high content of minerals like magnesium and calcium. It helps prevent the build-up of lime scale in plumbing and appliances. |
| Microbial Contamination | UV radiation or chlorination is used for killing harmful pathogens and bacteria effectively. This helps make water safe for consumption. |
| Heavy Metals and Other Chemical Contaminants | Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems are used for comprehensive purification. It helps remove a range of organic and inorganic contaminants dissolved in water. |
| Rainwater Maintenance | Clean tanks regularly and use first-flush diverters. It helps prevent the accumulation of organic matter and sediments. |
Table 2: Options for Treating Water in Perth
Ready for a Water Quality Test in Perth
When testing the quality of water in Perth, it is important for businesses and residents to focus on the key biological, chemical, and physical parameters. The essential tests must involve checking for TDS, turbidity, and pH levels. The chemical analyses must focus on common contaminants like chlorine, nitrates, and heavy metals. Similarly, biological testing must be done to detect microbes like bacteria and pathogens.
Remember that consistent testing is essential for ensuring that water is safe for consumption and suitable for irrigation and industrial processes. So, check the quality of your tap water and see if it complies with the ADWG. Get a comprehensive water quality test done by a professional through a NATA-accredited lab today!
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Tap Water in Perth Safe to Drink, and Do I Still Need to Perform Tests?
Yes, it is safe to drink water from a tap in Perth as it meets the national standards. Extensive tests are already performed by the Water Corporation annually, thus eliminating the need for home testing. But you can get it further tested if you are sensitive to otherwise harmless chlorine and mineral content.
Is Hard Water From the Tap a Health Concern in Perth?
Yes, hard water is prevalent in the groundwater supplies of Perth. The water contains naturally high levels of magnesium and calcium from rock and soil. It will not harm your health, but it can lead to lime scale build-up and spots on appliances and dishes.
What Type of Contaminants in Drinking Water Pose the Most Risk to Health in Perth?
The highest risk comes from contaminants like nitrates and per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) linked to urban areas. Microbial contaminants, heavy metals, and pesticides leaching into groundwater can also pose a significant public health risk.
Does Water pH Matter to My Health?
Yes, the pH level of water significantly matters to your health. Water with low pH is acidic, and can make poles leach harmful metals. Conversely, high pH water is alkaline, tastes bitter, and can affect the pH balance in your body.
